Political instability in the nation is caused by a complex mix of deeply rooted internal issues (such as political factionalism, corruption, and governance deficits) and significant external geopolitical factors involving its large neighbours, India and China. This has resulted in a cycle of short-lived coalition governments and a lack of policy continuity.
The
primary driver of instability is the deep divide and power struggles within and
between numerous political parties. No single prime minister has completed a
full five-year term since the restoration of democracy in 1990, leading to
frequent government collapses and a lack of effective governance.
Widespread
corruption, nepotism, and a lack of accountability among the political elite
have eroded public trust in democratic institutions. This frustration was a
central trigger for recent youth-led protests in September 2025.
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